Mofuta oa chromium
Chromium, letšoao la karolo Cr, nomoro ea athomo 24, boima ba athomo bo amanang 51.996, ke karolo ea tšepe ea phetoho ea sehlopha sa VIB sa tafole ea nako le nako ea likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale. Tšepe ea Chromium ke kristale ea cubic e bohareng ba 'mele, e tšoeu-silevera, e teteaneng 7.1g/cm³, ntlha ea ho qhibiliha 1860℃, ntlha ea ho belisa 2680℃, bokhoni bo itseng ba mocheso ho 25℃ 23.35J/(mol·K), mocheso oa mouoane 342.1kJ/mol, conductivity ea mocheso 91.3 W/(m·K) (0-100°C), resistivity (20°C) 13.2uΩ·cm, e nang le thepa e ntle ea mechini.
Ho na le di-valence tse hlano tsa chromium: +2, +3, +4, +5 le +6. Tlas'a maemo a ketso ea tlhaho, chromium ka kakaretso ke valence ea +3. Metsoako e nang le chromium ea +trivalent ke eona e tsitsitseng ka ho fetisisa. Metsoako ea chromium ea +sixvalent, ho kenyeletsoa le letsoai la chromium, e na le thepa e matla ea oxidizing. Radii ea ionic ea Cr3+, AI3+ le Fe3+ lia tšoana, kahoo li ka ba le mefuta e mengata ea ho tšoana. Ho phaella moo, likarolo tse ka nkeloang sebaka ke chromium ke manganese, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, zinc, jj., kahoo chromium e ajoa haholo ka liminerale tsa silicate tsa tšepe ea magnesium le liminerale tse ling.
Kopo
Chromium ke e 'ngoe ea litšepe tse sebelisoang haholo indastering ea sejoale-joale. E sebelisoa haholo tlhahisong ea tšepe e sa ruseng le litšepe tse fapaneng tsa alloy ka mokhoa oa li-ferroalloy (tse kang ferrochrome). Chromium e na le litšobotsi tsa ho ba thata, e sa tsofaleng, e hanelang mocheso le e sa senyeheng. Chrome ore e sebelisoa haholo indastering ea tšepe, thepa e hanyetsang, indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale le indasteri ea ho etsa thepa.
Indastering ea tšepe, chromium ore e sebelisoa haholo ho qhibilihisa ferrochrome le chromium ea tšepe. Chromium e sebelisoa e le sehlomathiso sa tšepe ho hlahisa mefuta e fapaneng ea litšepe tse khethehileng tse matla haholo, tse hanelang ho bola, tse hanelang ho tsofala, tse mocheso o phahameng le tse hanelang oxidation, tse kang tšepe e sa hloekang, tšepe e hanelang asiti, tšepe e hanelang mocheso, tšepe e beang bolo, tšepe ea selemo, tšepe ea lisebelisoa, jj. Chromium e ka ntlafatsa thepa ea mechini le ho hanyetsa ho tsofala ha tšepe. Chromium ea tšepe e sebelisoa haholo ho qhibilihisa li-alloy tse khethehileng tse nang le cobalt, nickel, tungsten le likarolo tse ling. Ho betla le ho chromizing ha Chrome ho ka etsa hore tšepe, koporo, aluminium le litšepe tse ling li thehe bokaholimo bo hanelang ho bola, bo khanyang le bo botle.
Indastering ea ho hanyetsa, chromium ore ke thepa ea bohlokoa ea ho hanyetsa e sebelisoang ho etsa litene tsa chrome, litene tsa chrome magnesia, li-refractories tse tsoetseng pele le lisebelisoa tse ling tse khethehileng tsa ho hanyetsa (konkreite ea chrome). Li-refractories tse thehiloeng ho Chromium li kenyelletsa haholo-holo litene tse nang le chrome ore le magnesia, sintered magnesia-chrome clinker, litene tsa magnesia-chrome tse qhibilihisitsoeng, tse qhibilihisitsoeng, tse sitsitsoeng hantle ebe li kopanngoa. Li sebelisoa haholo lifonong tse bulehileng tsa mollo, lifonong tsa induction, jj. Metallurgical converter le rotary oven lining ea indasteri ea samente, jj.
Indastering ea thepa ea ho qapa, oli ea chromium e ke ke ea sebelisana le likarolo tse ling tse ka har'a tšepe e qhibilihisitsoeng nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ho tšela, e na le coefficient e tlase ea katoloso ea mocheso, e hanela ho kenella ha tšepe, 'me e na le ts'ebetso e ntle ea ho pholisa ho feta zircon. Ore ea Chrome bakeng sa thepa ea ho qapa e na le litlhoko tse tiileng mabapi le sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale le kabo ea boholo ba likaroloana.
Indastering ea lik'hemik'hale, tšebeliso e tobileng ka ho fetisisa ea chromium ke ho hlahisa tharollo ea sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7·H2O), ebe ho lokisoa metsoako e meng ea chromium bakeng sa tšebeliso liindastering tse kang li-pigment, masela, electroplating, le ho etsa letlalo, hammoho le li-catalyst.
Phofo ea chromium ore e sitsitsoeng hantle ke sesebelisoa sa tlhaho sa ho taka 'mala tlhahisong ea khalase, liserame le lithaele tse bentšitsoeng. Ha sodium dichromate e sebelisoa ho senya letlalo, protheine (collagen) le lik'habohaedreite tse letlalong la pele li kopana le lik'hemik'hale ho etsa motsoako o tsitsitseng, e leng motheo oa lihlahisoa tsa letlalo. Indastering ea masela, sodium dichromate e sebelisoa e le mordant ho daeng lesela, e ka hokelang limolek'hule tsa dae ka katleho ho metsoako ea lintho tse phelang; e ka boela ea sebelisoa e le oxidant tlhahisong ea lidae le lintho tse bohareng.
Diminerale ea Chromium
Ho na le mefuta e fetang 50 ea liminerale tse nang le chromium tse fumanoeng tlhahong, empa boholo ba tsona li na le chromium e tlase le kabo e hasaneng, e nang le boleng bo tlase ba tšebeliso ea indasteri. Liminerale tsena tse nang le chromium ke tsa li-oxide, li-chromate le li-silicate, ho phaella ho li-hydroxide tse 'maloa, li-iodate, li-nitride le li-sulfide. Har'a tsona, liminerale tsa chromium nitride le chromium sulfide li fumanoa feela meteorites.
Jwalo ka mofuta wa diminerale lelapeng le ka tlase la chromium ore, chromite ke yona feela diminerale tsa bohlokwa tsa indasteri tsa chromium. Foromo ya dikhemikhale ya theoretiki ke (MgFe)Cr2O4, moo dikahare tsa Cr2O3 di etsang 68%, mme FeO e etsa 32%. Motswakong wa yona wa dikhemikhale, cation ya trivalent haholoholo ke Cr3+, mme hangata ho na le diphetoho tsa isomorphic tsa Al3+, Fe3+ le Mg2+, Fe2+. Ho chromite e hlahisitsweng ka sebele, karolo ya Fe2+ hangata e nkeloa sebaka ke Mg2+, mme Cr3+ e nkeloa sebaka ke Al3+ le Fe3+ ho ya ka maemo a fapaneng. Tekanyo e felletseng ya phetolo ya isomorphic hara dikarolo tse fapaneng tsa chromite ha e tsitsane. Di-cation tsa ho hokahanya tse nne haholoholo ke magnesium le tshepe, mme phetolo e felletseng ya isomorphic pakeng tsa magnesium-iron. Ho ya ka mokgwa wa karohano e mene, chromite e ka arolwa ka dihlopha tse nne tse nyane: magnesium chromite, iron-magnesium chromite, mafic-iron chromite le iron-chromite. Ho phaella moo, chromite hangata e na le manganese e nyane, Motswako o ts'oanang wa titanium, vanadium le zinc. Sebopeho sa chromite ke sa mofuta o tloaelehileng wa spinel.
4. Maemo a boleng a chromium concentrate
Ho ya ka mekgwa e fapaneng ya ho sebetsana le diminerale le oli ya tlhaho, oli ya chromium bakeng sa metallurgy e arotsoe ka mefuta e mmedi: concentrate (G) le oli e kgolo (K). Sheba tafole e ka tlase.
Litlhoko tsa boleng bakeng sa oli ea chromite bakeng sa tšepe
Theknoloji ea ho nona tšepe ea Chrome
1) Ho kgethwa hape
Hona jwale, karohano ya matla a kgoheli e na le boemo ba bohlokwa ho ntlafatseng majwe a chromium. Mokgwa wa karohano ya matla a kgoheli, o sebedisang ho hlepha ha lera ka hara metsi e le mokgwa wa motheo, e ntse e le mokgwa o ka sehloohong wa ho ruisa majwe a chromium lefatsheng ka bophara. Disebediswa tsa karohano ya matla a kgoheli ke chute e spiral le concentrator ya centrifugal, mme boholo ba dikarolwana tsa tshebetso bo pharaletse haholo. Ka kakaretso, phapang ya bongata pakeng tsa diminerale tsa chromium le diminerale tsa gangue e kgolo ho feta 0.8g/cm3, mme karohano ya matla a kgoheli ya boholo bofe kapa bofe ba dikarolwana bo fetang 100um e ka kgotsofatsa. sephetho sa. Majwe a kobehileng (100 ~ 0.5mm) a hlophiswa kapa a kgethwa esale pele ka ho nona ha majwe a boima, e leng mokgwa wa ho nona o theko e tlase haholo.
2) Karohano ea makenete
Karohano ea makenete ke mokhoa oa ho rua molemo o etsang hore ho be le karohano ea liminerale tšimong ea makenete e sa tšoaneng ho latela phapang ea makenete ea liminerale tse oreng. Chromite e na le thepa e fokolang ea makenete 'me e ka aroloa ka li-separator tsa makenete tse nang le lesale le otlolohileng, li-separator tsa makenete tse metsi le lisebelisoa tse ling. Li-coefficients tse ikhethileng tsa magnetic susceptibility tsa liminerale tsa chromium tse hlahisoang libakeng tse fapaneng tse hlahisang chromium ore lefatšeng ha li fapane haholo, 'me li tšoana le li-coefficients tse khethehileng tsa magnetic susceptibility tsa wolframite le wolframite tse hlahisoang libakeng tse fapaneng.
Ho na le maemo a mabeli a ho sebedisa karohano ya makenete ho fumana chromium concentrate ya maemo a hodimo: e nngwe ke ho tlosa diminerale tse matla tsa makenete (haholo-holo magnetite) ka hara ore tlasa matla a makenete a fokolang ho eketsa karolelano ya ferrochrome, mme e nngwe ke ho sebedisa matla a makenete a matla. Karohano ya diminerale tsa gangue le ho kgutliswa ha ore ya chromium (diminerale tse fokolang tsa makenete).
3) Khetho ea motlakase
Karohano ea motlakase ke mokhoa oa ho arola liminerale tsa chromium ore le silicate gangue ka ho sebelisa thepa ea motlakase ea liminerale, joalo ka phapang ea conductivity le dielectric constant.
4) Ho phaphamala
Mokgweng wa karohano ya matla a khoheli, majwe a chromite a nang le ditshila tse nyane (-100um) hangata a lahlwa e le majwe a mesaletsa, empa majwe a boholo bona a ntse a na le boleng bo hodimo ba tshebediso, kahoo mokgwa wa ho phaphamala o ka sebediswa bakeng sa majwe a chromite a boleng bo tlase a granular a fumanwa. Ho phaphamala ha majwe a chromite ka 20% ~40% Cr2O3 ka majwe a mesaletsa le diminerale tsa serpentine, olivine, rutile le calcium magnesium carbonate e le diminerale tsa gangue. Majwe a silwa hantle ho fihlela ho 200μm, khalase ya metsi, phosphate, metaphosphate, fluorosilicate, jj. di sebediswa ho qhalanya le ho thibela seretse, mme asiti e sa tlatswang e sebediswa e le sekgoboketsi. Ho hasana le ho hatella seretse sa gangue ho bohlokwa haholo tshebetsong ya ho phaphamala. Di-ion tsa tshepe tse kang tshepe le lead di ka kenya chromite tshebetsong. Ha boleng ba pH ba seretse bo le ka tlase ho 6, majwe a chromite a ke ke a phaphamala haholo. Ka bokhutšoanyane, tshebediso ya di-reagent tsa ho phaphamala e kgolo, boemo ba ho tsepamisa maikutlo ha bo tsitsa, mme sekgahla sa ho hlaphoheloa se tlase. Ca2+ le Mg2+ tse qhibilihisitsweng ho tswa ho diminerale tsa gangue di fokotsa kgetho ya tshebetso ya ho phaphamala.
5) Ho nona ha lik'hemik'hale
Mokhoa oa lik'hemik'hale ke ho phekola ka kotloloho manya a itseng a chromite a ke keng a aroloa ka mokhoa oa 'mele kapa litšenyehelo tsa mokhoa oa 'mele li phahame haholo. Karolelano ea Cr/Fe ea motsoako o hlahisoang ke mokhoa oa lik'hemik'hale e phahame ho feta ea mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa 'mele. Mekhoa ea lik'hemik'hale e kenyelletsa: ho leaching ka khetho, ho fokotsa oxidation, karohano ea ho qhibiliha, ho leaching ka sulfuric acid le chromic acid, ho fokotsa le ho leaching ka sulfuric acid, jj. Motsoako oa mekhoa ea 'mele le lik'hemik'hale le kalafo e tobileng ea manya a chromium ka mekhoa ea lik'hemik'hale ke e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e meholo ea ho rua molemo ka chromite kajeno. Mekhoa ea lik'hemik'hale e ka ntša chromium ka ho toba manyaleng 'me ea hlahisa chromium carbide le chromium oxide.
Nako ea poso: Mmesa-30-2021